Currently, the intranasal spray (INS) market is composed only of aqueous or "wet feeling" products; however, prior to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) decision to phase out metered dose inhalers (MDIs) that contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the nasal market also included aerosol or "dry formulation" sprays. Teva's Nasal Aerosol utilizes an HFA propellant. Future studies will further examine the safety and efficacy profile of this product.
Based on results from the Phase I study that evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of BDP HFA, the systemic exposure following administration of the treatment (up to 320 mcg/day) was approximately 27 percent of orally inhaled BDP HFA, which is marketed by Teva as the asthma treatment QVAR® (beclomethasone dipropionate HFA) Inhalation Aerosol. Based on these results, the established QVAR® safety data may provide further supportive evidence for the development of this "dry" nasal formulation for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Study Design and Results
The Phase III SAR trial was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical study to assess the efficacy and safety of BDP HFA Nasal Aerosol in the treatment of SAR in subjects 12 years of age and older. Over a two-week treatment period during the Mountain Cedar pollen season, 340 patients at four different sites in the U.S. were randomized to 320 mcg of BDP HFA propellant or placebo as a nasal aerosol daily. To measure efficacy in comparison to placebo, the study used the standard reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) for primary endpoints and instantaneous TNSS and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) for secondary endpoints..
Sunday, August 22, 2010
Wednesday, June 9, 2010
What Does the Term Metabolism Mean?
What Does the Term Metabolism Mean?
Each and every second of every day our cells are engaged in the oper-
ations that help keep them alive and well. At the same time the efforts
of each cell also contribute to the proper functioning of our body as a
whole. To do so each cell must perform an incredible number of chemical
reactions every second. The term metabolism refers to those chemical
reactions collectively.
The term metabolism is somewhat general. For instance, total body
metabolism refers to all the energy released from all the chemical reac-
tions and associated processes in our body. Said differently, total body metabolism is the total of all reactions taking place in each cell added
together. However, if we wanted to describe just those chemical reactions
within a specific tissue, such as muscle or bone, we would say "muscle
metabolism" or "bone metabolism." We can be even more focused and
use the term metabolism to describe only those reactions associated with
a single nutrient or nutrient class. For example, if we were discussing the
chemical reactions that involve only proteins or carbohydrates, we would
be discussing protein or carbohydrate metabolism, respectively.
In general, chemical reactions and/or pathways will release energy.
Ultimately, this extra energy will be converted to heat. Since body tem-
perature remains fairly constant, the heat produced in metabolism must
be removed from our body. Therefore, our total body metabolism can be
estimated by measuring how much heat is lost from our body.
Table Primary Functions of the Major Tissue and Organs in Our Body
Bone Provides structure and the basis of movement of limbs and
our entire body. Also serves as a mineral storage. Primarily
composed of minerals and protein and smaller amount of
cells, nerves and blood vessels.
Skeletal muscle We have three kinds of muscle (skeletal, cardiac (heart) and
smooth), which is largely water and protein and to a lesser
degree carbohydrate and fat. Contraction of muscle results in
movement of some type. Skeletal muscle is connected to bone
and provides movement of our limbs and body.
Heart and blood Our heart is mostly muscle (cardiac). Contraction of cardiac
muscle establishes the blood pressure in our heart, which
drives blood through our blood vessels. We have about
100,000 miles of blood vessels and our blood is, for the most
part, a delivery medium!
Smooth muscle Smooth muscle lines tubes in our body such as airways, blood
vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, etc.) Smooth
muscle is responsible for regulating the flow of content (gases,
fluids, semi-solids) through those tubes.
Lungs Serves as the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
between our body and the air around us.
Liver Perhaps the "hub" of nutrition. Our liver is involved in
maintain blood glucose, regulating blood lipid levels,
processing amino acids, making plasma proteins (e.g., clotting
factors, transport proteins), and bile and metabolizing and
storing many vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
Kidneys Regulate the composition of our body fluid. They do this by
filtering and regulating the composition of our blood, which
in turn regulates the composition of the fluid in-between our
cells and inside of our cells.
Adrenal glands Our adrenals are steroid hormone producing factories. They
produce cortisol (stress hormone), aldosterone, a lot of
DHEA and lesser amount of androstenedione, testosterone,
and estrogens.
Thyroid gland Produces the hormones thyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Thyroid hormone is one of the most influential hormones in
regulating our energy expenditure.
Brain and spinal Our brain is an information processing center and the spinal
cord cord is the conduit for signals to leave (or be carried to) our
brain to the rest of our body. Our brain initiates and regulates
muscle activity, processes sensory information and controls
body temperature and appetite.
Skin Site of heat removal and protective coating. Some vitamin D is
produced in our skin.
Pancreas Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon and digestive
enzymes.
Pituitary gland Produces a slew of hormones including thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).
Each and every second of every day our cells are engaged in the oper-
ations that help keep them alive and well. At the same time the efforts
of each cell also contribute to the proper functioning of our body as a
whole. To do so each cell must perform an incredible number of chemical
reactions every second. The term metabolism refers to those chemical
reactions collectively.
The term metabolism is somewhat general. For instance, total body
metabolism refers to all the energy released from all the chemical reac-
tions and associated processes in our body. Said differently, total body metabolism is the total of all reactions taking place in each cell added
together. However, if we wanted to describe just those chemical reactions
within a specific tissue, such as muscle or bone, we would say "muscle
metabolism" or "bone metabolism." We can be even more focused and
use the term metabolism to describe only those reactions associated with
a single nutrient or nutrient class. For example, if we were discussing the
chemical reactions that involve only proteins or carbohydrates, we would
be discussing protein or carbohydrate metabolism, respectively.
In general, chemical reactions and/or pathways will release energy.
Ultimately, this extra energy will be converted to heat. Since body tem-
perature remains fairly constant, the heat produced in metabolism must
be removed from our body. Therefore, our total body metabolism can be
estimated by measuring how much heat is lost from our body.
Table Primary Functions of the Major Tissue and Organs in Our Body
Bone Provides structure and the basis of movement of limbs and
our entire body. Also serves as a mineral storage. Primarily
composed of minerals and protein and smaller amount of
cells, nerves and blood vessels.
Skeletal muscle We have three kinds of muscle (skeletal, cardiac (heart) and
smooth), which is largely water and protein and to a lesser
degree carbohydrate and fat. Contraction of muscle results in
movement of some type. Skeletal muscle is connected to bone
and provides movement of our limbs and body.
Heart and blood Our heart is mostly muscle (cardiac). Contraction of cardiac
muscle establishes the blood pressure in our heart, which
drives blood through our blood vessels. We have about
100,000 miles of blood vessels and our blood is, for the most
part, a delivery medium!
Smooth muscle Smooth muscle lines tubes in our body such as airways, blood
vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, etc.) Smooth
muscle is responsible for regulating the flow of content (gases,
fluids, semi-solids) through those tubes.
Lungs Serves as the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
between our body and the air around us.
Liver Perhaps the "hub" of nutrition. Our liver is involved in
maintain blood glucose, regulating blood lipid levels,
processing amino acids, making plasma proteins (e.g., clotting
factors, transport proteins), and bile and metabolizing and
storing many vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.
Kidneys Regulate the composition of our body fluid. They do this by
filtering and regulating the composition of our blood, which
in turn regulates the composition of the fluid in-between our
cells and inside of our cells.
Adrenal glands Our adrenals are steroid hormone producing factories. They
produce cortisol (stress hormone), aldosterone, a lot of
DHEA and lesser amount of androstenedione, testosterone,
and estrogens.
Thyroid gland Produces the hormones thyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Thyroid hormone is one of the most influential hormones in
regulating our energy expenditure.
Brain and spinal Our brain is an information processing center and the spinal
cord cord is the conduit for signals to leave (or be carried to) our
brain to the rest of our body. Our brain initiates and regulates
muscle activity, processes sensory information and controls
body temperature and appetite.
Skin Site of heat removal and protective coating. Some vitamin D is
produced in our skin.
Pancreas Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon and digestive
enzymes.
Pituitary gland Produces a slew of hormones including thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).
Tuesday, June 8, 2010
Maintain an Optimal Working Environment?
Do Individual Cells and Our Body as a Whole Attempt to
Maintain an Optimal Working Environment?
Just as you clean your apartment or house and determine what kind of
stuff is found within your living area, so too will our cells clean and
regulate the contents in their intracellular fluid. This allows each cell to
maintain an optimal operating environment. Scientists often use the term
homeostasis to describe the efforts associated with the maintenance of
this optimal environment. Furthermore, just as it is the responsibility of
each cell to maintain its own ideal internal environment; at the same
time many of our organs work in concert to regulate the environment
within our body as a whole. These organs include the kidneys, lungs,
skin, and liver. Many of our most basic functions, such as breathing,
sweating, urinating, digesting, and the pumping of our heart, are actu-
ally functions dedicated to homeostasis . Therefore, homeo-
stasis is the housekeeping efforts of all our cells working individually as
well as together to provide an environment conducive to optimal function.
Maintain an Optimal Working Environment?
Just as you clean your apartment or house and determine what kind of
stuff is found within your living area, so too will our cells clean and
regulate the contents in their intracellular fluid. This allows each cell to
maintain an optimal operating environment. Scientists often use the term
homeostasis to describe the efforts associated with the maintenance of
this optimal environment. Furthermore, just as it is the responsibility of
each cell to maintain its own ideal internal environment; at the same
time many of our organs work in concert to regulate the environment
within our body as a whole. These organs include the kidneys, lungs,
skin, and liver. Many of our most basic functions, such as breathing,
sweating, urinating, digesting, and the pumping of our heart, are actu-
ally functions dedicated to homeostasis . Therefore, homeo-
stasis is the housekeeping efforts of all our cells working individually as
well as together to provide an environment conducive to optimal function.
Sunday, June 6, 2010
How Do We Measure Acidity or Alkalinity?
How Do We Measure Acidity or Alkalinity?
Acidity and alkalinity indicates the level of hydrogen ions in a water-
based fluid and we use the pH scale to assess a fluid. The pH scale ranges
from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic as
shown in Figure 1.9. Thus, a pH of 7 is said to be neutral because it splits
the two extremes. A pH lower that 7 means a higher hydrogen ion con-
centration and thus greater acidity. On the other hand, an alkaline solu-
tion has a pH greater than 7 and has a lower level of hydrogen ions.
The pH scale was conceived by Sören Sörensen who was a pretty good
biochemist and an excellent brewer of beer! Back in the days before
sophisticated pH meters, one could speculate as to whether a fluid was
acidic or basic based on taste. Acidic substances tend to have a sour taste
(lemon juice, orange juice), while more alkaline substances taste bitter.
So what is the big deal about pH? Our body has but a narrow pH range
at which it can function appropriately. As noted on the scale in Figure 1.9,
the pH of our blood is about 7.4. This means that the pH of our body is
slightly basic. If the pH falls below or above 7.4 these conditions are
referred to as acidosis and alkalosis, respectively. Nearly all chemical
reactions in our body are controlled by enzymes, most of which function
in our best interest at a pH around 7.4. Thus, when our pH falls or climbs,
the efficiency of many enzymes is significantly affected. Some enzymes
will work harder and others will work less hard, thus impacting key
chemical reactions in our body. This can compromise normal function
and possibly our vitality.
Inherent to our body are systems that help us maintain the pH of our
body fluid (for example, blood) around 7.4. These systems are called
buffering systems and they act either to soak up excessive hydrogen ions
or to release them when our body pH begins to change. Thus pH can be
maintained at the 7.4 ideal despite changing internal factors.
Acidity and alkalinity indicates the level of hydrogen ions in a water-
based fluid and we use the pH scale to assess a fluid. The pH scale ranges
from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic as
shown in Figure 1.9. Thus, a pH of 7 is said to be neutral because it splits
the two extremes. A pH lower that 7 means a higher hydrogen ion con-
centration and thus greater acidity. On the other hand, an alkaline solu-
tion has a pH greater than 7 and has a lower level of hydrogen ions.
The pH scale was conceived by Sören Sörensen who was a pretty good
biochemist and an excellent brewer of beer! Back in the days before
sophisticated pH meters, one could speculate as to whether a fluid was
acidic or basic based on taste. Acidic substances tend to have a sour taste
(lemon juice, orange juice), while more alkaline substances taste bitter.
So what is the big deal about pH? Our body has but a narrow pH range
at which it can function appropriately. As noted on the scale in Figure 1.9,
the pH of our blood is about 7.4. This means that the pH of our body is
slightly basic. If the pH falls below or above 7.4 these conditions are
referred to as acidosis and alkalosis, respectively. Nearly all chemical
reactions in our body are controlled by enzymes, most of which function
in our best interest at a pH around 7.4. Thus, when our pH falls or climbs,
the efficiency of many enzymes is significantly affected. Some enzymes
will work harder and others will work less hard, thus impacting key
chemical reactions in our body. This can compromise normal function
and possibly our vitality.
Inherent to our body are systems that help us maintain the pH of our
body fluid (for example, blood) around 7.4. These systems are called
buffering systems and they act either to soak up excessive hydrogen ions
or to release them when our body pH begins to change. Thus pH can be
maintained at the 7.4 ideal despite changing internal factors.
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Wednesday, May 19, 2010
Exercising
Exercising
The only way to make exercise part of your life is to build this into your everyday life.
Many people go for a brisk walk, gentle jog or try an exercise class. Everyone is
different, so you must choose something that you find enjoyable.
As a fully pledged adult, you should try to get your heart rate up at least four to five
times a week.
5 Top Tips
1. Keep an accurate food diary
2. Set healthy and manageable goals
3. Ensure you make healthy choices within your routine
4. Be proud about your progress
5. Make a strong commitment towards lifelong changes
The only way to make exercise part of your life is to build this into your everyday life.
Many people go for a brisk walk, gentle jog or try an exercise class. Everyone is
different, so you must choose something that you find enjoyable.
As a fully pledged adult, you should try to get your heart rate up at least four to five
times a week.
5 Top Tips
1. Keep an accurate food diary
2. Set healthy and manageable goals
3. Ensure you make healthy choices within your routine
4. Be proud about your progress
5. Make a strong commitment towards lifelong changes
Thursday, May 13, 2010
Reversible contraceptive for men
A blast of ultrasound could work as a reversible contraceptive for men, according to scientists, The Times reported Thursday.
If preliminary results are confirmed, applying therapeutic ultrasound to the testes for 10 to 15 minutes could provide protection for up to six months.
"We think this could provide men with reliable, low-cost, non-hormonal contraception from a single round of treatment," James Tsuruta, of the University of North Carolina, who led the research, said.
Tsuruta and colleagues have already proved the technique in rats, and plan to extend trials to humans as early as next year.
Their findings so far suggest that sperm production can be halted temporarily without causing a longer-term reduction in fertility.
Once sperm production resumed after six months there was no evidence of complications, such as sperm being of lower genetic quality.
If preliminary results are confirmed, applying therapeutic ultrasound to the testes for 10 to 15 minutes could provide protection for up to six months.
"We think this could provide men with reliable, low-cost, non-hormonal contraception from a single round of treatment," James Tsuruta, of the University of North Carolina, who led the research, said.
Tsuruta and colleagues have already proved the technique in rats, and plan to extend trials to humans as early as next year.
Their findings so far suggest that sperm production can be halted temporarily without causing a longer-term reduction in fertility.
Once sperm production resumed after six months there was no evidence of complications, such as sperm being of lower genetic quality.
Review Beta Carotene
Tuesday, March 30, 2010
SELENIUM This mineral provides an important trace element for prostrate gland in males.
SELENIUM This mineral provides an important trace element for prostrate gland in males. Protects immune system and helps regulate thyroid hormones. HERBAL SOURCES: Alfalfa, burdock root, catnip, cayenne, chamomile, chickweed, fennel seed, ginseng, garlic, hawthorn berry, hops, horsetail, lemongrass, milk thistle, nettle, oat straw, parsley, peppermint, raspberry leaf, rose hips, sarsaparilla, uva ursi, yarrow, yellow dock.
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Saturday, March 27, 2010
Several species of Sambucus produce elderberries.
Several species of Sambucus produce elderberries. Most research and publications refer to Sambucus nigra . Other species with similar chemical components include the American elder or common elder ( Sambucus canadensis ), antelope brush ( Sambucus tridentata ), blue elderberry ( Sambucus caerulea ), danewort ( Sambucus ebulus ), dwarf elder ( Sambucus ebulus ), red-fruited elder ( Sambucus pubens , Sambucus racemosa ), and Sambucus formosana . American elder ( Sambucus canadensis ) and European elder ( Sambucus nigra ) are often discussed simultaneously in the literature since they have many of the same uses and contain common constituents.
European elder grows up to 30 feet tall, is native to Europe, but has been naturalized to the Americas. Historically, the flowers and leaves have been used for pain relief, swelling/inflammation, diuresis (urine production), and as a diaphoretic or expectorant. The leaves have been used externally for sitz baths. The bark, when aged, has been used as a diuretic, laxative, or emetic (to induce vomiting). The berries have been used traditionally in food as flavoring and in the preparation of elderberry wine and pies.
The flowers and berries (blue/black only) are used most often medicinally. They contain flavonoids, which are found to possess a variety of actions, including antioxidant and immunologic properties. Although hypothesized to be beneficial, there is no definitive evidence from well-conducted human clinical trials currently available regarding the use of elder.
The bark, leaves, seeds, and raw/unripe fruit contain the cyanogenic glycoside sambunigrin, which is potentially toxic.
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Sunday, March 14, 2010
I lost my appetite
Something strange happened this week; I lost my appetite. Not permanently or anything, but with work being perpetually busy and life being a little more stressful than usual, I actually reached a point where I wasn't hungry.
This doesn't help at all because it's a bit counterproductive, especially since I've been getting into a pretty good routine of snacks between meals – or so I thought. It turns out I was just starting to fall into my old snacking routines, floating around my office and seeing who had junk that I could nosh on. I was beginning to justify it with "it's only one cookie" and "I know I had a piece of chocolate earlier but it's only one more."
It's such a slippery slope. But when I wasn't hungry, I focused more on what I could and should be eating when it came time to eat. I've been turning to a lot of soups and salads and the occasional chicken with brown rice (which you can get just about anywhere from Thai to Greek to Afghan restaurants).
Work has been nonstop so I've been ordering out a lot, but I find myself coming home with leftovers that I can eat for lunch the next day.
The other thing that is so easy to do, yet so easy to forget, is to drink lots of water. I have a water bottle, but half the time I forget it or it ends up in my gym bag for days. I just need to focus on making it a factor in my routine. I know I've only got about a month left of the program and I just want to start making all of the things I know second nature so I keep doing all of them. It's been such an enlightening experience and I now know that this is how I WANT my life to be.
Slimfast
Diet Maxx
Ayur Slim Weight Regulator
Yerba Diet
Acomplia
Saturday, March 6, 2010
The study tested low-carbohydrate
The study tested low-carbohydrate, low-fat and Mediterranean diets over a period of two years in 140 overweight people (88% men, average age 51). It showed that any one of the diets could effect cardiovascular benefit as long as a particular amount of weight was lost. This means that it is the process of weight loss, not what makes up the diet, that is responsible for the positive changes.
Over the two-year period, those who had lost 11 pounds had more improvement in their arteries than those who lost 7 pounds. Those who lost the most weight that also lowered their blood pressure from diet experienced the most benefit in terms of arterial improvement. Because participants who were already on blood pressure medication were left on them, the study was able to show that it was the weight loss related to diet, not the drugs, that were increasing the health of arteries. That is consistent with the following: better numbers shown on paper due to medications is not the same as having better numbers because you are actually healthy.
Weight loss is the key
In other words if you are taking blood pressure medication but not losing weight, then there is not much chance you are actually reversing the health of your arteries. Conversely, real cardiovascular improvement can be set in motion by naturally lowering your blood pressure through weight loss.
Bottom line
This is great news for overweight people. You don't have to lose all the weight to manifest an environment in your body that will start to mitigate the issue of heart disease. It means that if you just get consistently on track and maintain that consistency over a period of time, you can improve your health significantly. You will reach your weight goal sooner or later, however health benefits will begin to reveal themselves during the early stages of such an improvement effort.
Over the two-year period, those who had lost 11 pounds had more improvement in their arteries than those who lost 7 pounds. Those who lost the most weight that also lowered their blood pressure from diet experienced the most benefit in terms of arterial improvement. Because participants who were already on blood pressure medication were left on them, the study was able to show that it was the weight loss related to diet, not the drugs, that were increasing the health of arteries. That is consistent with the following: better numbers shown on paper due to medications is not the same as having better numbers because you are actually healthy.
Weight loss is the key
In other words if you are taking blood pressure medication but not losing weight, then there is not much chance you are actually reversing the health of your arteries. Conversely, real cardiovascular improvement can be set in motion by naturally lowering your blood pressure through weight loss.
Bottom line
This is great news for overweight people. You don't have to lose all the weight to manifest an environment in your body that will start to mitigate the issue of heart disease. It means that if you just get consistently on track and maintain that consistency over a period of time, you can improve your health significantly. You will reach your weight goal sooner or later, however health benefits will begin to reveal themselves during the early stages of such an improvement effort.
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